The 3D glasses adopt the most advanced "time division method", which is realized by the signal synchronized between the 3D glasses and the display. When the display outputs a left-eye image, the left eye lens is in a light-transmitting state, and the right eye is in a opaque state, and when the display outputs a right-eye image, the right eye lens transmits light and the left eye does not transmit light, so two glasses I saw different game screens to achieve the purpose of deceiving the eyes. With such frequent switching, the two eyes can obtain nuanced images respectively, and the brain calculates to generate a 3D stereoscopic image. 3D glasses are designed with sophisticated optical components. Compared with passive glasses, they can achieve double resolution and a wide viewing angle for each eye.
principle:The main reason for the stereoscopic effect is that the left and right eyes see different pictures, and the positions of the left and right eyes are different, so there will be some differences in the pictures. When shooting stereo images, two lenses are used, one on the left and the other on the right. Then the image of the left lens is filtered by a horizontal polarizer to obtain horizontally polarized light, and the image of the right lens is filtered by a vertical polarizer to obtain longitudinally polarized light. The left eye and the right eye of the stereo glasses are respectively equipped with a horizontal polarizer and a vertical polarizer. The horizontally polarized light can only pass through the horizontal polarizer, and the longitudinally polarized light can only pass through the vertical polarizer. This ensures that things captured by the camera on the left can only enter the left eye, and things captured by the camera on the right can only enter the right eye, so it is almost stereoscopic.
It is one of the best for those who need the best range in terms of Bluetooth. There is no doubt that you will be very relaxed in terms of the overall performance of this model. The model also has many powerful features, and the price is still competitive. You don’t have to worry about spending a lot of money to do it yourself. The best part is that it can be used with Windows and Linux computers, so it has good compatibility….
The model is also energy efficient, allowing you to feel comfortable when using it more frequently.
Avantree Remote Bluetooth USB Adapter
When it comes to this model, its range is one of the best on the market. Within 60 feet of sight, you can spend a good time. This is why you may be a favorite of many people. This is because it has the correct range and should allow people to have plenty of time to use it. Many people find it very useful for larger houses or houses that only require additional range models.
Another good feature of this Bluetooth adapter is its ease of installation. You just need to plug it in and let it install its driver to start working. You will also like the fact that it comes with a USB extension cable. It may be expensive, but it is worth it.
Kinivo BTD-400 Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy USB Adapter
This is another best performing Bluetooth adapter you can buy today. This is because the model has a solid structure. Sometimes these models are usually just fragile constructs, but they are different. For its price, it offers a great range of 2 categories. It is also worth noting that this model has low energy consumption, so it is one of the best models you can get yourself now. When it comes to scope, the model is good in terms of performance. At 30 feet, you should find that this range is sufficient to provide some good performance. You will love to connect with different devices in the range. This works well for most users. In operation, the adapter consumes less power than some previous models.
A modem is an electronic device that modulates a digital signal to transmit an analog signal, and demodulates the received analog signal to obtain a digital signal. Its goal is to produce an analog signal that is easy to transmit, and the original digital signal can be restored through decoding. According to different applications, modems can use different ways to transmit analog signals, such as using fiber optics, radio frequency radios or telephone lines.
Use NETGEAR's latest cable modem to get newer and faster network speeds from cable providers, and improve WiFi performance with two-in-one devices such as N450 cable modem routers.
A modem is a box that connects your home network to the wider Internet. The router is a dialog box, which enables all your wired and wireless devices to use the Internet connection at this time, and enables them to communicate with each other without going through the Internet.
Wi-Fi is a kind of electromagnetic wave, which cannot be perceived by the human body.
A wireless router is a physical device that can be used by humans daily.
2.Different definitions.
Wi-Fi is also called "mobile hotspot" in Chinese. It is a trademark of the manufacturer of the Wi-Fi Alliance as a product brand certification. It is a wireless local area network technology created in the IEEE 802.11 standard.
The wireless router is a router with wireless coverage function for users to surf the Internet.
3.The subject is different.
Wi-Fi is for various electronic digital devices, personal computers, game consoles, MP3 players, smart phones, tablet computers, printers, notebook computers and other peripheral devices that can access the Internet wirelessly.
The wireless router is to release Wi-Fi signals for people to use, and to build a network, its main body is people.
4.Different functions.
Wi-Fi can be simply understood as wireless Internet access. Almost all smart phones, tablets and laptops support Wi-Fi Internet access, and it is the most widely used wireless network transmission technology today.
The wireless router is used to convert and release wireless signals. The router has the function of judging the network address and selecting the IP path. It can establish a flexible connection in a multi-network interconnection environment. It can be connected to a variety of different data packets and media access methods. Subnet, the router only accepts information from the source station or other routers, and is a kind of interconnected equipment at the network layer.
In short, the router will establish a network between the computers in your home, and the modem will connect the network and the computers on the network to the Internet. When you connect to Wi-Fi, you are actually connecting to a router, which forwards traffic between the Internet and the computer.
Let’s take a look at the
most common secondary battery chemistries available.
1. LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
Lithium is the lightest
metal in the periodic table and has a specific capacity of 3860 mAh/g compared
to Zinc at 820 mAh/g (battery capacity is what gives our devices talk time or
run time). Lithium also has an electrochemical reduction potential of 3.045 V
against 0.76 V for Zinc (i.e a lithium based battery provides a battery voltage
of 3 V or greater). The combination of these two properties results in very
high energy densities for lithium based batteries.
While lithium metal based batteries could provide extremely high energy density, when these systems are charged there is the risk of dendritic growth which could penetrate the separator and create a short. We have all heard of the risks of battery explosions and thermal runaway from the resulting temperature rise associated with lithium battery shorting. This risk is alleviated in lithium ion batteries, where the lithium is in a non-metallic form, and lithium ions move back and forth between the anode and cathode. Lithium ion batteries trade-off energy density compared to lithium metal in order to be able to charge in a relatively stable and safe manner (although it is easy to forget this, considering the recent Samsung and other lithium ion battery explosions).
Owing to their excellent
energy density and long cycle life (over 1000 cycles) these rechargeable
systems are used in a wide variety of applications such as cell phones,
laptops, plug in hybrids and electric vehicles. In the most common lithium ion
battery implementation, the anode is typically a graphite sheet, the cathode a
lithium cobalt oxide, and the electrolyte a lithium salt in an organic solvent.
Because lithium is highly reactive towards water, it cannot be used with aqueous electrolytes unlike Zinc. Organic electrolytes are commonly used – but these pale in conductivity compared to aqueous electrolytes like potassium hydroxide, zinc chloride etc, and limit the power output of lithium batteries (in order to get power, low battery resistance and high electrolyte conductivity are required). Owing to the low conductivity of organic electrolytes, Li-based battery cell designs favor large surface area construction such as coin over button cells, and jellyroll construction over the bobbin type in order to minimize internal resistance and enhance power capability. In other words, cell construction has to be relied on to increase power output for lithium based batteries.
A high cell voltage of
3.6 Volts or greater means fewer cells are needed for high voltage
applications. For example, one Lithium cell can replace three NiCad or NiMH cells
which have a cell voltage of 1.2 Volts. Unlike lead acid batteries, these can
be deep cycled.
Disadvantages stem from the fact that lithium is so highly reactive that special safety electronics are required. Lithium ion batteries are also subject to transportation regulations (each airline passenger is restricted to carrying 2g of metallic lithium in primary batteries or 8g of rechargeable Li-ion). Safety issues include the possibility of thermal runaway when overcharged, abused or when used outside of the operating window.
2. NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES
Nickel metal hydride
batteries use a nickel oxyhydroxide cathode, a hydrogen absorbing alloy as
anode (replaces Cd in the Ni-Cd battery) and an alkaline electrolyte. They have
good high power capability, but cannot compete with lithium ion in terms of
energy density. This is a 1.2 V battery system. They are resilient to both
overcharge and discharge and can be operated between -30 to 75 C. While lithium
ion batteries have replaced this system in many consumer applications, nickel
metal hydride still finds use in hybrid electric vehicles, where it has seen
more than 10 years of use. The active chemicals are also inherently safer
than lithium based systems, and don’t require the use of complex battery
management systems. Nickel metal hydride batteries also compete with
lithium ion on cost for applications like portable tools.
3. LEAD ACID BATTERIES
Lead acid batteries have
low energy densities, but are widely used in automotive starter batteries
because of their ability to provide high surge currents inexpensively. No
other battery system provides high power rate capability as cheaply and
reliably as lead acid and this system has been in use for 140 years! No wonder
this battery system finds use in applications like golf carts, forklifts, UPS
vehicles, electric scooters and electric wheelchairs. Owing to their low energy
density, you will never see this system used in consumer applications.
4. NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES
Nickel cadmium batteries have lost significant market share to Li ion and Nickel metal hydride batteries since the 1990s, due to the toxicity of cadmium. They provide a voltage of 1.2 V, and use an alkaline electrolyte. Their ability to provide high discharge rates made portable electronic applications practical when they first came to market. Advantages of this system include high cycle life, wide temperature range and their relatively high abuse tolerance. However, because of the toxicity of Cadmium, these are being phased out for many consumer applications.
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The increasing global demand for batteries is largely due to the rapid increase in portable power-consuming products such as cellular phones and video cameras, toys and laptop computers. Each year consumers dispose of billions of batteries, all containing toxic or corrosive materials. Some batteries contain toxic metals such as cadmium and mercury, lead and lithium, which become hazardous waste and pose threats to health and the environment if improperly disposed. Manufacturers and retailers are working continuously to reduce the environmental impact of batteries by producing designs that are more recyclable and contain fewer toxic materials. The global environmental impact of batteries is assessed in terms of four main indicators. These indicators further distinguish the impact of disposable and rechargeable batteries.
Consumption Of Natural
Resources
Production,
transportation and distribution of batteries consumes natural resources,
thereby contributing to an accelerating depletion of natural resources.
Rechargeable batteries consume less nonrenewable natural resources than
disposable batteries because fewer rechargeable batteries are needed to provide
the same amount of energy.
Climate Change And Global
Warming
The increase
in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface is caused by an increasing
greenhouse gas effect. The manufacture and transportation of batteries emits
exhaust and other pollutants into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the
greenhouse effect. Per unit of energy delivered, rechargeable batteries
contribute less to global warming than disposable batteries. This is because
less greenhouse gas emissions are associated with the manufacture and transportation
of rechargeable batteries.
Photochemical Smog Pollution
And Air Acidification
Exhaust
pollutants undergo photochemical reactions which produce toxic chemicals
including ozone, other harmful gases and particulate substances. The thermal
inversions associated with large cities can lead to a dangerous buildup of
photochemical smog, which is known to cause human deaths. Air acidification is
the accumulation of acidic substances in atmospheric particles. These
particles, deposited by rain, have an impact on soil and ecosystems.
Rechargeable batteries contribute less to these atmospheric effects than
disposable batteries because they contribute less to air pollution.
Ecotoxicity And Water
Pollution
Potential
toxic risks are associated with emission of battery chemicals into aquatic
ecosystems. Improper or careless handling of waste batteries can result in
release of corrosive liquids and dissolved metals that are toxic to plants and
animals. Improper disposal of batteries in landfill sites can result in the
release of toxic substances into groundwater and the environment.
Recycling
About 90 percent of lead-acid batteries are now recycled. Reclamation companies send crushed batteries to facilities for reprocessing and manufacture into new products. Nonautomotive lead-based batteries, which are accepted by many automotive companies and waste agencies, are subject to the same recycling processes. Several reclamation companies in the U.S. now process all types of dry-cell batteries, both disposable and rechargeable, including alkaline and carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide and silver oxide, zinc-air and lithium.
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In many ways, we live in a battery-driven society. From our cell phones, laptops and other electronic devices to children's toys and cars, modern life runs on batteries. But they're not just used in consumer goods. When storms knock out the power grid, batteries keep hospital equipment working and trains running. If you have a landline, you can still make and receive calls because batteries power the phone lines. But batteries can seriously damage the environment—and human health—if not disposed of properly.
How Batteries Work
Before the battery was invented, power
generation required a direct connection with a source of electricity. That's
because electricity cannot be stored. Batteries work by converting chemical
energy into electrical energy. The opposite ends of a battery—the anode and the
cathode—create an electrical circuit with the help of chemicals called electrolytes
that send electrical energy to a device such as a cell phone when the device is
plugged into the battery.
Batteries and the
Environment
The exact combination and number of chemicals
inside a battery vary with the type of battery, but the list includes cadmium,
lead, mercury, nickel, lithium and electrolytes. When thrown in the household
trash, batteries end up in landfills. As the battery casing corrodes, chemicals
leach into the soil and make their way into our water supply. Eventually they
reach the ocean. Also, lithium in batteries reacts in a volatile way when
exposed. According to Battery University, lithium can cause landfill fires that
can burn underground for years. This releases toxic chemicals into the air,
which increases the potential for human exposure.
Batteries and Human Health
According to the Agency for Toxic Substances
& Disease Registry, cadmium and nickel are known human carcinogens. Lead
has been linked to birth defects and to neurological and developmental damage.
Mercury is also highly toxic, especially in vapor form, which is why the
government banned its use in batteries in 1996. Negligible amounts of mercury
traceable to other materials used in the manufacture of batteries may still
occur, but they don't present a threat to human health.
How To Recycle Batteries
Rechargeable batteries contain dangerous heavy metals and should always be recycled. New cell phones are usually packaged with mailers so that consumers can return their old phones for recycling. National recycling programs like Call2Recycle (listed in the Resource section), accept used rechargeable batteries as a public service. Lead-acid batteries, the kind used in cars, can be recycled through local or state hazardous waste programs. Most automotive supply stores will accept old car batteries to send to the proper recycling authorities. Single-use alkaline batteries used to contain large amounts of mercury, but since the 1996 federal law banning mercury in batteries, they are now considered safe to throw in the trash. It's still a good idea to recycle alkaline batteries, but since they are not considered hazardous waste it can be challenging to find recycling programs that accept them. Sometimes your local municipal recycling service will take them. Another option is to recycle them in bulk. Big Green Box (listed in the Resource section) allows you to do that.
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a) Zinc-carbon batteries have been around for more than 100 years. These are low cost and are available in many shapes and sizes. However, they have lost market share to newer chemistries in the past few decades. They are still used in low drain intermittent use applications like remote controls, flashlights and clocks.
b) Alkaline Zinc
batteries were invented by Lewis Urry while he was employed by
Eveready Battery Company. They provide higher rate capability and improved
shelf life compared to Zinc carbon batteries. Urry’s innovations included
replacing the Zin can (Figure 1) by powdered Zinc, massively increasing the
surface area and improving discharge rate capability. He also replaced the
acidic electrolyte with KOH, further decreasing internal resistance and
improving rate capability. Urry demonstrated his invention to his boss by
racing two toy cars in the factory cafeteria, one with a traditional Zn-carbon
D cell, and another with his new battery. The first barely moved, while the
second made a few trips along the length of the cafeteria.
Alkaline zinc cells are
used in applications where the battery is used intermittently but needs to work
reliably and is exposed to uncontrolled storage conditions, such as smoke
alarms and watches.
c) Zinc silver oxide
batteries have high energy density, long shelf life and flat voltage
discharge profiles. They are commonly used in portable and miniature electronic
applications such as watches, calculators, hearing aids and toys. They use a
zinc anode, a silver oxide cathode and a KOH electrolyte when high power
capability is required. A NaOH electrolyte is used if longer shelf life is
desired. The high cost of silver mostly limits this chemistry to small
batteries, except in space and military applications where cost is less
important.
Why zinc silver oxide over lithium ion batteries for miniature electronic applications? The safety issues with pets or kids swallowing small cellsthat could get lodged in the esophagus presents a nightmare situation for a lithium chemistry. Further owing to the low conductivity of organic electrolytes, lithium chemistry favors larger surface area for high rate capability applications.
d)Zinc Air Batteries are
most commonly used in hearing aid applications owing to their high-energy
density, ideal voltage for the application and long shelf life until
activation. The battery chemistry uses a Zinc anode, a potassium hydroxide
electrolyte and air as the cathode. The battery is activated by removing a
sealing tab, and air is introduced into the cell. The use of air instead of
traditional cathode materials such as metal oxides allows smaller and lighter
batteries to be made. Disadvantages include sensitivity to the environment once
batteries are activated – they have to be used up quickly.
e) Lithium Primary
Batteries - Lithium is the lightest metal in the periodic table and
has a specific capacity of 3860 mAh/g compared to Zinc at 820 mAh/g. Lithium
also has an electrochemical reduction potential of 3.045 V against 0.76 V for
Zinc (i.e a lithium based battery provides a battery voltage of 3 V or
greater). The combination of these two properties results in very high energy
densities for lithium based batteries.
However, lithium is
highly reactive towards water and cannot be used with aqueous electrolytes
unlike Zinc. Organic electrolytes are commonly used – but these pale in
conductivity compared to aqueous electrolytes like potassium hydroxide, zinc
chloride, etc. and limit the power output of lithium batteries (in order to get
power, low battery resistance and high electrolyte conductivity are required).
On the plus side, the lower freezing points of organic electrolytes allows them
to be operated at lower temperature than aqueous electrolyte based battery
systems.
COMMON PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES
INCLUDE
Lithium Manganese dioxide batteries use lithium metal as the anode, and a manganese dioxide cathode. These are available in button cell, and cylindrical formats. Owing to the low conductivity of organic electrolytes, Li-MnO2 cell designs favor large surface area cell construction such as coin over button cells and jellyroll construction over the bobbin type in order to minimize internal resistance and enhance power capability. Lithium coin cells also are operated at lower currents than Zinc silver oxide cells in order to minimize internal resistance and cell heating.
Lithium Iron Sulfide batteries provide a higher energy density alternative to alkaline batteries at 1.5 V with superior performance at high drain rates, longer shelf life, better leak resistance, wider operating temperature range, and a reduction in weight. These cells are used in digital cameras and camcorders. Disadvantages includetransportation restrictions due to the lithium metal content in the anode and the higher cost (each airline passenger is restricted to carrying 2 g of metallic lithium in primary batteries, or 8 g of rechargeable Li-ion, which amounts to 2 Lithium iron Sulfide cells). These cells have a PTC safety switch, which acts as a current limiter in case the cell overheats.
Battery cell chemistry dictates many of the cell properties that impact battery performance, thereby making it a key consideration in battery selection. As a follow up to the primary battery cell chemistry we explored in this blog, our next post will delve into secondary battery chemistries.
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The one thing to
remember about battery selection is that there is no such thing as a perfect
battery that works for every application. Selecting the right battery for your
application is about identifying the most important battery metrics and trading
these off against others. For instance, if you need a lot of power for your
application, cell internal resistance needs to be minimized, and this is often
done by increasing electrode surface area. But this also increases inactive
components such as current collectors and conductive aid, so energy density is
traded off to gain power.
While your actual design
goals on the battery may be lofty, you could have to give up some things in
order to gain others when it comes to actual battery performance
A lead acid battery works great in an automotive starter battery where it provides the required high rate capability. However, with its toxicity and low energy density it would be a terrible choice for a portable electronics application. So, in this 3-part blog series, we will look at how finding the right battery for your application is all about making the right tradeoffs. Part 1 discusses the important considerations when selecting the right battery for a consumer application. These include rechargeability, energy density, power density, shelf life, safety, form factor, cost and flexibility. Part 2 will look at how chemistry affects important battery metrics, and therefore battery selection for your application. In part 3 we will look at common secondary battery chemistries.
SOME IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN
BATTERY SELECTION ARE:
1. Primary vs. Secondary – One of the first choices in battery selection is to decide
whether the application requires primary (single use) or secondary
(rechargeable) batteries. For the most part, this is an easy decision for the
designer. Applications with occasional intermittent use (such as a smoke alarm,
a toy or a flashlight), and disposable applications in which charging becomes
impractical warrant the use of a primary battery. Hearing aids, watches
(smartwatches being an exception), greeting cards and pacemakers are good
examples. If the battery is to be used continuously and for long stretches of
time, such as in a laptop, a cell phone or a smartwatch a rechargeable battery
is more suitable.
Primary batteries have a much lower rate of self-discharge - an attractive feature when charging is not possible or practical before first use. Secondary batteries tend to lose energy at a higher rate. This is less important in most applications because of the ability to recharge.
2. Energy vs. Power - The
runtime of a battery is dictated by the battery capacity expressed in mAh or Ah
and is the discharge current that a battery can provide over time.
When comparing batteries
of different chemistry, it is useful to look at the energy content. To obtain
the energy content of a battery, multiply the battery capacity in Ah by the
voltage to obtain energy in Wh. For instance, a nickel-metal hydride battery
with 1.2 V, and a lithium-ion battery with 3.2 V may have the same capacity,
but the higher voltage of the lithium-ion would increase the energy.
The open circuit voltage
is commonly used in energy calculations (i.e. battery voltage when not
connected to a load). However, both the capacity and energy are both heavily
dependent on the drain rate. Theoretical capacity is dictated only by active
electrode materials (chemistry) and active mass. Yet, practical batteries
achieve only a fraction of the theoretical numbers due to the presence of
inactive materials and kinetic limitations, which prevent full use of active
materials and buildup of discharge products on the electrodes.
Battery manufacturers
often specify capacity at a given discharge rate, temperature, and cut-off
voltage. The specified capacity will depend on all three factors. When
comparing manufacturer capacity ratings, make sure you look at drain rates in
particular. A battery that appears to have a high capacity on a spec sheet may
actually perform poorly if the current drain for the application is higher. For
instance, a battery rated at 2 Ah for a 20-hour discharge cannot deliver 2 A for
1 hour, but will only provide a fraction of the capacity.
Batteries with high
power provide rapid discharge capability at high drain rates such as in power
tools, or automobile starter battery applications. Typically, high power
batteries have low energy densities.
A good analogy for power versus energy is to think of a bucket with a spout. A larger bucket can hold more water and is akin to a battery with high energy. The opening or spout size from which the water leaves the bucket is akin to power – the higher the power, the higher the drain rate. To increase energy, you would typically increase the battery size (for a given chemistry), but to increase power you decrease internal resistance. Cell construction plays a huge part in obtaining batteries with high power density.
You should be able to
compare theoretical and practical energy densities for different chemistries
from battery textbooks. However, because power density is so heavily dependent
on battery construction you will rarely find these values listed.
3. Voltage –
Battery operating voltage is another important consideration and is
dictated by the electrode materials used. A useful battery classification here
is to consider aqueous or water based batteries versus lithium based
chemistries. Lead acid, Zinc carbon and Nickel metal hydride all use water
based electrolytes and have nominal voltages ranging from 1.2 to 2 V. Lithium
based batteries, on the other hand, use organic electrolytes and have nominal
voltages of 3.2 to 4 V (both primary and secondary).
Many electronic
components operate at a minimum voltage of 3 V. The higher operating voltage of
lithium based chemistries allows a single cell to be used rather than two or
three aqueous based cells in series to make up the desired voltage.
Another thing to note is that some battery chemistries such as Zinc MnO2 have a sloping discharge curve, while others have a flat profile. This influences the cutoff voltage (Fig 3).
4. Temperature range –
Battery chemistry dictates the temperature range of the application. For
instance, aqueous electrolyte based Zinc-carbon cells cannot be used below 0°C.
Alkaline cells also exhibit a sharp decline in capacity at these temperatures,
although less than Zinc-carbon. Lithium primary batteries with an organic electrolyte
can be operated up to -40°C but with a significant drop in performance.
In rechargeable applications, lithium ion batteries can be charged at maximum rate only within a narrow window of about 20° to 45°C. Beyond this temperature range, lower currents/voltages need to be used, resulting in longer charging times. At temperatures below 5° or 10°C, a trickle charge may be required in order to prevent the dreaded lithium dendritic plating problem, which increases the risk of thermal runaway (we have all heard of exploding Lithium based batteries which could happen as a result of overcharging, low or high temperature charging, or short circuiting from contaminants).
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS INCLUDE:
5. Shelf life – This
refers to how long a battery will sit in a storeroom or on a shelf before it is
used. Primary batteries have much longer shelf lives than secondary. However,
shelf life is generally more important for primary batteries because secondary
batteries have the ability to be recharged. An exception is when recharging is
not practical.
6. Chemistry – Many
of the properties listed above are dictated by cell chemistry. We will
discuss commonly available battery chemistries in the next part of this blog
series.
7. Physical size and
shape – Batteries are typically available in the following size
formats: button/coin cells, cylindrical cells, prismatic cells, and pouch cells
(most of them in standardized formats).
8. Cost – There
are times when you may need to pass up a battery with better performance
characteristics because the application is very cost sensitive. This is
especially true for high volume disposable applications.
9. Transportation, disposal regulations – Transportation of lithium based batteries is regulated. Disposal of certain battery chemistries is also regulated. This may be a consideration for high volume applications.